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Functional imaging in live preparations using "conventional" fluorescent probes

Two-photon excitation (2PE) microscopy has already been utilized with many fluorescent probes developed for standard linear (1PE) microscopy. Cross section measurements of both intrinsic and exogenous fluorophores have proved invaluable for determining optimal wavelength and power regimes in which to work. Though an MPE absorption peak is generally expected at approximately n times the 1PE peak, this hypothesis is simplistic. In particular effective 2PE spectra are sometimes significantly blue-shifted from their 1PE counterparts. Often a shift can correspond to a relatively large separation (>> Stoke's shift) between a fluorophore's excited and radiative decay levels which yields useful practical consequences (although initially not fully realized). A wise probe and wavelength selection can produce simultaneous 2PE of fluorophores possessing a wide range of emission wavelengths. In this case a 710nm, <100 fsec pulse train (Ti:S) is used to excite four different indicators with emission spectra that vary by hundreds of nanometers. Because these fluorescent signals are spectrally well separated from each other and from the excitation source, extremely efficient simultaneous detection of many labels can be achieved.


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Last update: April 14, 2005